Solar panels – types, features, and how to choose the right one

Solar panels are playing a vital role in the UK’s shift toward clean energy and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. With energy prices rising and public interest in sustainability growing, more homeowners and businesses across Britain are exploring solar technology. But with so many products on the market, choosing the right solar panels can be challenging.
In this detailed guide, we explore the different types of solar panels, their technical features, and the factors to consider before making a purchase—so you can make an informed decision that suits your needs and budget.
What are solar panels and how do they work?
Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells are usually made from silicon and arranged in a grid-like format. When sunlight hits the surface, it excites electrons in the cells, generating direct current (DC) electricity. An inverter then converts this into alternating current (AC), which can be used to power your household or business.
Systems can be connected to the grid, use batteries for storage, or operate in a hybrid format. In many parts of the UK, users can also export surplus electricity to the grid and receive compensation via the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG).
Types of solar panels commonly used in the UK
In the British market, three main types of solar panels are commonly installed, each offering different levels of efficiency, appearance, and cost.
Monocrystalline panels
These are made from a single crystal of silicon and are generally recognised by their dark black colour and uniform look.
Advantages:
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High efficiency (18%–22%)
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Excellent performance in low-light conditions
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Longer lifespan, often over 25 years
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Require less roof space due to better output per square metre
They’re a good option for urban homes or properties with limited roof space.
Polycrystalline panels
Produced from multiple silicon crystals melted together, these panels have a bluish hue and a slightly grainier texture.
Advantages:
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Lower manufacturing cost
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Moderate efficiency (15%–17%)
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Ideal for installations with ample surface area
They offer good value for money when space isn’t an issue and are commonly used in rural or commercial setups.
Thin-film panels
Less common in the UK, thin-film panels are made with alternative materials such as cadmium telluride. They’re flexible, lightweight and can be installed on unconventional surfaces.
Advantages:
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Lightweight and aesthetically minimal
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Lower manufacturing costs
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Perform well under overcast skies or diffuse light
These are better suited for industrial or off-grid applications than residential rooftops.
Key features to compare
Before investing in solar panels, it’s important to evaluate their technical specifications. Here are the key elements to look for:
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Power rating (watts): Indicates how much electricity a panel can generate under standard conditions.
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Efficiency: The proportion of sunlight converted into usable energy. Higher efficiency means fewer panels needed.
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Temperature coefficient: Relevant in warmer regions or summer months—lower values perform better in heat.
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Durability and warranty: Top-tier manufacturers offer 25-year performance guarantees and 10–12 years product warranties.
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Certifications: Look for MCS (Microgeneration Certification Scheme) approval and CE compliance.
How to choose the right solar panels for your property
Choosing between different solar panels depends on several factors specific to your home or business.
Roof size and orientation
If you have a small or shaded roof, choose high-efficiency monocrystalline panels. South-facing roofs receive the most sunlight in the UK, but east-west configurations can also work well.
Energy consumption habits
Analyse your electricity bills to determine how much energy you consume daily and monthly. This will help you calculate how much power your system should generate.
Budget
Higher-end panels may cost more initially but provide greater efficiency and longer warranties, resulting in better savings over time.
Aesthetic preferences
If visual appearance is important, all-black monocrystalline panels offer a sleeker look compared to the more obvious blue polycrystalline types.
Regional climate
The UK’s weather is famously unpredictable, but modern panels perform well even on cloudy days. Still, efficiency in low-light conditions should be considered, especially in northern regions.
The UK solar energy market and incentives
The UK has made considerable progress in supporting renewable energy, and solar panels are increasingly accessible. One of the key programmes available is the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG), which replaces the previous Feed-in Tariff scheme.
Under SEG, you can earn money for the excess electricity you send back to the grid, provided your installation is MCS-certified and connected through a licensed SEG supplier. Additionally:
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Solar panel installations on domestic properties are VAT-free until 2027.
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Some local councils offer additional grants or property tax incentives.
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Solar systems help meet EPC requirements for energy efficiency in buildings.
Top solar panel brands in the UK
If you’re shopping for a solar panel system, consider reputable brands known for quality and warranty support:
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SunPower – Industry-leading efficiency and sleek design
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JA Solar – Solid performance at competitive prices
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LONGi Solar – Known for innovation and high energy yield
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Q CELLS – Reliable output and good warranty terms
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Trina Solar – Widely available and respected globally
Work with a qualified installer who can recommend the best brand based on your specific needs and roof layout.
How much do solar panels cost in the UK?
Residential systems typically cost between £5,000 and £8,000, depending on the number of panels, inverter type, and whether batteries are included.
The payback period in the UK is generally 6 to 10 years, depending on electricity prices, consumption, location, and SEG rates. Considering panels last 25 to 30 years, the long-term savings are substantial, and you’ll benefit from greater energy independence.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What type of solar panel is best for UK homes?
Monocrystalline panels are most recommended due to their higher efficiency and better low-light performance—ideal for British weather.
Do I need planning permission?
Not usually. Most domestic systems are considered permitted development unless the property is listed or in a conservation area.
Can I sell surplus energy back to the grid?
Yes, under the Smart Export Guarantee. You’ll need to register with a participating SEG supplier and have an MCS-certified installation.
Do solar panels work in winter or on cloudy days?
Yes. They still generate electricity in diffuse light, although output will be lower compared to sunny days.
What maintenance is required?
Minimal. An annual inspection and occasional cleaning to remove dust or debris is typically all that’s needed.